Sample Selenium IDE Test Script Recording

Sample Selenium IDE Test Script by Recording:

We will use the Mercury Tours website as our web application under test. It is an online flight reservation system that contains all the elements we need for this tutorial. Its URL is http://newtours.demoaut.com/ and this will be our Base URL.

NOTE: The site http://newtours.demoaut.com/ at time is down and not available to work on. We have raised this issue with HP

1. Create a Script by Recording

Let us now create our first test script in Selenium IDE using the most common method – by recording. Afterwards, we shall execute our script using the playback feature.

Step 1:

• Launch Firefox and Selenium IDE.


• Type the value for our Base URL: http://newtours.demoaut.com/.


• Toggle the Record button on (if it is not yet toggled on by default).

 

Step 2:

• In Firefox, navigate to http://newtours.demoaut.com/. Firefox should take you to the page similar to the one shown below

 

Step 3:

• Right-click on any blank space within the page, like on the Mercury Tours logo on the upper left corner. This will bring up the Selenium IDE context menu. Note: Do not click on any hyperlinked objects or images


• Select the “Show Available Commands” option.


• Then, select “assertTitle exact:Welcome: Mercury Tours”. This is a command that makes sure that the page title is correct.

Step 4:

• In the “User Name” text box of Mercury Tours, type an invalid username, “invalidUN”.


• In the “Password” text box, type an invalid password, “invalidPW”.

Step 5:

• Click on the “Sign-In” button. Firefox should take you to this page.

Step 6:

• Toggle the record button off to stop recording. Your script should now look like the one shown below.

Step 7:

• Now that we are done with our test script, we shall save it in a test case. In the File menu, select “Save Test Case”. Alternatively, you can simply press Ctrl+S.

Step 8:

• Choose your desired location, and then name the test case as “Invalid_login”.


• Click the “Save” button.

Step 9:

• Notice that the file was saved as HTML.

Step 10:

• Go back to Selenium IDE and click the Playback button to execute the whole script. Selenium IDE should be able to replicate everything flawlessly

 

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Selenium IDE Commands

Selenium Commands – Selenese

Selenese commands can have up to a maximum of two parameters: target and value.

Parameters are not required all the time. It depends on how many the command will need.

3 Types of Commands

Actions	These are commands that directly interact with page elements.Example: the “click” command is an action because you directly interact with the element you are clicking at.The “type” command is also an action because you are putting values into a text box, and the text box shows them to you in return. There is a two-way interaction between you and the text box.
Accessors	They are commands that allow you to store values to a variable.Example: the “storeTitle” command is an accessor because it only “reads” the page title and saves it in a variable. It does not interact with any element on the page.
Assertions	They are commands that verify if a certain condition is met. 3 Types of AssertionsAssert. When an “assert” command fails, the test is stopped immediately.Verify. When a “verify” command fails, Selenium IDE logs this failure and continues with the test execution.WaitFor. Before proceeding to the next command, “waitFor” commands will first wait for a certain condition to become true.If the condition becomes true within the waiting period, the step passes.If the condition does not become true, the step fails. Failure is logged, and test execution proceeds to the next command. By default, timeout value is set to 30 seconds. You can change this in the Selenium IDE Options dialog under the General tab.

Commonly Used Selenium Commands

To conclude our introduction of Selenium, we’ll show you a few typical Selenium commands. These are probably the most commonly used commands for building tests.

• open : opens a page using a URL.


• click/clickAndWait : performs a click operation, and optionally waits for a new page to load.


• verifyTitle/assertTitle: verifies an expected page title.


• verifyTextPresent: verifies expected text is somewhere on the page.


• verifyElementPresent: verifies an expected UI element, as defined by its HTML tag, is present on the page.


• verifyText: verifies expected text and its corresponding HTML tag are present on the page.


• verifyTable: verifies a table’s expected contents.


• waitForPageToLoad: pauses execution until an expected new page loads. Called automatically when clickAndWait is used.


• waitForElementPresent: pauses execution until an expected UI element, as defined by its HTML tag, is present on the page.

List of Selenium IDE Commands:

addLocationStrategy

addLocationStrategyAndWait

addScript

addScriptAndWait

addSelection

addSelectionAndWait

allowNativeXpath

allowNativeXpathAndWait

altKeyDown

altKeyDownAndWait

altKeyUp

altKeyUpAndWait

answerOnNextPrompt

assertAlert

assertAlertNotPresent

assertAlertPresent

assertAllButtons

assertAllFields

assertAllLinks

assertAllWindowIds

assertAllWindowNames

assertAllWindowTitles

assertAttribute

assertAttributeFromAllWindows

assertBodyText

assertChecked

assertConfirmation

assertConfirmationNotPresent

assertConfirmationPresent

assertCookie

assertCookieByName

assertCookieNotPresent

assertCookiePresent

assertCursorPosition

assertEditable

assertElementHeight

assertElementIndex

assertElementNotPresent

assertElementPositionLeft

assertElementPositionTop

assertElementPresent

assertElementWidth

assertEval

assertExpression

assertHtmlSource

assertLocation

assertMouseSpeed

assertNotAlert

assertNotAllButtons

assertNotAllFields

assertNotAllLinks

assertNotAllWindowIds

assertNotAllWindowNames

assertNotAllWindowTitles

assertNotAttribute

assertNotAttributeFromAllWindows

assertNotBodyText

assertNotChecked

assertNotConfirmation

assertNotCookie

assertNotCookieByName

assertNotCursorPosition

assertNotEditable

assertNotElementHeight

assertNotElementIndex

assertNotElementPositionLeft

assertNotElementPositionTop

assertNotElementWidth

assertNotEval

assertNotExpression

assertNotHtmlSource

assertNotLocation

assertNotMouseSpeed

assertNotOrdered

assertNotPrompt

assertNotSelectOptions

assertNotSelectedId

assertNotSelectedIds

assertNotSelectedIndex

assertNotSelectedIndexes

assertNotSelectedLabel

assertNotSelectedLabels

assertNotSelectedValue

assertNotSelectedValues

assertNotSomethingSelected

assertNotSpeed

assertNotTable

assertNotText

assertNotTitle

assertNotValue

assertNotVisible

assertNotWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

assertNotWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

assertNotXpathCount

assertOrdered

assertPrompt

assertPromptNotPresent

assertPromptPresent

assertSelectOptions

assertSelectedId

assertSelectedIds

assertSelectedIndex

assertSelectedIndexes

assertSelectedLabel

assertSelectedLabels

assertSelectedValue

assertSelectedValues

assertSomethingSelected

assertSpeed

assertTable

assertText

assertTextNotPresent

assertTextPresent

assertTitle

assertValue

assertVisible

assertWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

assertWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

assertXpathCount

assignId

assignIdAndWait

break

captureEntirePageScreenshot

captureEntirePageScreenshotAndWait

check

checkAndWait

chooseCancelOnNextConfirmation

chooseOkOnNextConfirmation

chooseOkOnNextConfirmationAndWait

click

clickAndWait

clickAt

clickAtAndWait

close

contextMenu

contextMenuAndWait

contextMenuAt

contextMenuAtAndWait

controlKeyDown

controlKeyDownAndWait

controlKeyUp

controlKeyUpAndWait

createCookie

createCookieAndWait

deleteAllVisibleCookies

deleteAllVisibleCookiesAndWait

deleteCookie

deleteCookieAndWait

deselectPopUp

deselectPopUpAndWait

doubleClick

doubleClickAndWait

doubleClickAt

doubleClickAtAndWait

dragAndDrop

dragAndDropAndWait

dragAndDropToObject

dragAndDropToObjectAndWait

dragdrop

dragdropAndWait

echo

fireEvent

fireEventAndWait

focus

focusAndWait

goBack

goBackAndWait

highlight

highlightAndWait

ignoreAttributesWithoutValue

ignoreAttributesWithoutValueAndWait

keyDown

keyDownAndWait

keyPress

keyPressAndWait

keyUp

keyUpAndWait

metaKeyDown

metaKeyDownAndWait

metaKeyUp

metaKeyUpAndWait

mouseDown

mouseDownAndWait

mouseDownAt

mouseDownAtAndWait

mouseDownRight

mouseDownRightAndWait

mouseDownRightAt

mouseDownRightAtAndWait

mouseMove

mouseMoveAndWait

mouseMoveAt

mouseMoveAtAndWait

mouseOut

mouseOutAndWait

mouseOver

mouseOverAndWait

mouseUp

mouseUpAndWait

mouseUpAt

mouseUpAtAndWait

mouseUpRight

mouseUpRightAndWait

mouseUpRightAt

mouseUpRightAtAndWait

open

openWindow

openWindowAndWait

pause

refresh

refreshAndWait

removeAllSelections

removeAllSelectionsAndWait

removeScript

removeScriptAndWait

removeSelection

removeSelectionAndWait

rollup

rollupAndWait

runScript

runScriptAndWait

select

selectAndWait

selectFrame

selectPopUp

selectPopUpAndWait

selectWindow

sendKeys

setBrowserLogLevel

setBrowserLogLevelAndWait

setCursorPosition

setCursorPositionAndWait

setMouseSpeed

setMouseSpeedAndWait

setSpeed

setSpeedAndWait

setTimeout

shiftKeyDown

shiftKeyDownAndWait

shiftKeyUp

shiftKeyUpAndWait

store

storeAlert

storeAlertPresent

storeAllButtons

storeAllFields

storeAllLinks

storeAllWindowIds

storeAllWindowNames

storeAllWindowTitles

storeAttribute

storeAttributeFromAllWindows

storeBodyText

storeChecked

storeConfirmation

storeConfirmationPresent

storeCookie

storeCookieByName

storeCookiePresent

storeCursorPosition

storeEditable

storeElementHeight

storeElementIndex

storeElementPositionLeft

storeElementPositionTop

storeElementPresent

storeElementWidth

storeEval

storeExpression

storeHtmlSource

storeLocation

storeMouseSpeed

storeOrdered

storePrompt

storePromptPresent

storeSelectOptions

storeSelectedId

storeSelectedIds

storeSelectedIndex

storeSelectedIndexes

storeSelectedLabel

storeSelectedLabels

storeSelectedValue

storeSelectedValues

storeSomethingSelected

storeSpeed

storeTable

storeText

storeTextPresent

storeTitle

storeValue

storeVisible

storeWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

storeWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

storeXpathCount

submit

submitAndWait

type

typeAndWait

typeKeys

typeKeysAndWait

uncheck

uncheckAndWait

useXpathLibrary

useXpathLibraryAndWait

verifyAlert

verifyAlertNotPresent

verifyAlertPresent

verifyAllButtons

verifyAllFields

verifyAllLinks

verifyAllWindowIds

verifyAllWindowNames

verifyAllWindowTitles

verifyAttribute

verifyAttributeFromAllWindows

verifyBodyText

verifyChecked

verifyConfirmation

verifyConfirmationNotPresent

verifyConfirmationPresent

verifyCookie

verifyCookieByName

verifyCookieNotPresent

verifyCookiePresent

verifyCursorPosition

verifyEditable

verifyElementHeight

verifyElementIndex

verifyElementNotPresent

verifyElementPositionLeft

verifyElementPositionTop

verifyElementPresent

verifyElementWidth

verifyEval

verifyExpression

verifyHtmlSource

verifyLocation

verifyMouseSpeed

verifyNotAlert

verifyNotAllButtons

verifyNotAllFields

verifyNotAllLinks

verifyNotAllWindowIds

verifyNotAllWindowNames

verifyNotAllWindowTitles

verifyNotAttribute

verifyNotAttributeFromAllWindows

verifyNotBodyText

verifyNotChecked

verifyNotConfirmation

verifyNotCookie

verifyNotCookieByName

verifyNotCursorPosition

verifyNotEditable

verifyNotElementHeight

verifyNotElementIndex

verifyNotElementPositionLeft

verifyNotElementPositionTop

verifyNotElementWidth

verifyNotEval

verifyNotExpression

verifyNotHtmlSource

verifyNotLocation

verifyNotMouseSpeed

verifyNotOrdered

verifyNotPrompt

verifyNotSelectOptions

verifyNotSelectedId

verifyNotSelectedIds

verifyNotSelectedIndex

verifyNotSelectedIndexes

verifyNotSelectedLabel

verifyNotSelectedLabels

verifyNotSelectedValue

verifyNotSelectedValues

verifyNotSomethingSelected

verifyNotSpeed

verifyNotTable

verifyNotText

verifyNotTitle

verifyNotValue

verifyNotVisible

verifyNotWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

verifyNotWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

verifyNotXpathCount

verifyOrdered

verifyPrompt

verifyPromptNotPresent

verifyPromptPresent

verifySelectOptions

verifySelectedId

verifySelectedIds

verifySelectedIndex

verifySelectedLabel

verifySelectedLabels

verifySelectedValue

verifySelectedValues

verifySomethingSelected

verifySpeed

verifyTable

verifyText

verifyTextNotPresent

verifyTextPresent

verifyTitle

verifyValue

verifyVisible

verifyWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

verifyWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

verifyXpathCount

waitForAlert

waitForAlertNotPresent

waitForAlertPresent

waitForAllButtons

waitForAllFields

waitForAllLinks

waitForAllWindowIds

waitForAllWindowNames

waitForAllWindowTitles

waitForAttribute

waitForAttributeFromAllWindows

waitForBodyText

waitForChecked

waitForCondition

waitForConfirmation

waitForConfirmationNotPresent

waitForConfirmationPresent

waitForCookie

waitForCookieByName

waitForCookieNotPresent

waitForCookiePresent

waitForCursorPosition

waitForEditable

waitForElementHeight

waitForElementIndex

waitForElementNotPresent

waitForElementPositionLeft

waitForElementPositionTop

waitForElementPresent

waitForElementWidth

waitForEval

waitForExpression

waitForFrameToLoad

waitForHtmlSource

waitForLocation

waitForMouseSpeed

waitForNotAlert

waitForNotAllButtons

waitForNotAllFields

waitForNotAllLinks

waitForNotAllWindowIds

waitForNotAllWindowNames

waitForNotAllWindowTitles

waitForNotAttribute

waitForNotAttributeFromAllWindows

waitForNotBodyText

waitForNotChecked

waitForNotConfirmation

waitForNotCookie

waitForNotCookieByName

waitForNotCursorPosition

waitForNotEditable

waitForNotElementHeight

waitForNotElementIndex

waitForNotElementPositionLeft

waitForNotElementPositionTop

waitForNotElementWidth

waitForNotEval

waitForNotExpression

waitForNotHtmlSource

waitForNotLocation

waitForNotMouseSpeed

waitForNotOrdered

waitForNotPrompt

waitForNotSelectOptions

waitForNotSelectedId

waitForNotSelectedIds

waitForNotSelectedIndex

waitForNotSelectedIndexes

waitForNotSelectedLabel

waitForNotSelectedLabels

waitForNotSelectedValue

waitForNotSelectedValues

waitForNotSomethingSelected

waitForNotSpeed

waitForNotTable

waitForNotText

waitForNotTitle

waitForNotValue

waitForNotVisible

waitForNotWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

waitForNotWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

waitForNotXpathCount

waitForOrdered

waitForPageToLoad

waitForPopUp

waitForPrompt

waitForPromptNotPresent

waitForPromptPresent

waitForSelectOptions

waitForSelectedId

waitForSelectedIds

waitForSelectedIndex

waitForSelectedIndexes

waitForSelectedLabel

waitForSelectedLabels

waitForSelectedValue

waitForSelectedValues

waitForSomethingSelected

waitForSpeed

waitForTable

waitForText

waitForTextNotPresent

waitForTextPresent

waitForTitle

waitForValue

waitForVisible

waitForWhetherThisFrameMatchFrameExpression

waitForWhetherThisWindowMatchWindowExpression

waitForXpathCount

windowFocus

windowFocusAndWait

windowMaximize

windowMaximizeAndWait

 

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Selenium IDE

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the simplest tool in the Selenium Suite. It is a Firefox add-on that creates tests very quickly through its record-and-playback functionality. This feature is similar to that of QTP. It is effortless to install and easy to learn.

Because of its simplicity, Selenium IDE should only be used as a prototyping tool – not an overall solution for developing and maintaining complex test suites.

Though you will be able to use Selenium IDE without prior knowledge in programming, you should at least be familiar with HTML, JavaScript, and the DOM (Document Object Model) to utilize this tool to its full potential. Knowledge of JavaScript will be required when we get to the section about the Selenese command “runScript”.

Selenium IDE supports autocomplete mode when creating tests. This feature serves two purposes:

• It helps the tester to enter commands more quickly.


• It restricts the user from entering invalid commands.

To download the Latest version of Selenium IDE click here.

 Installation of Selenium IDE

What you need:

• Mozilla Firefox


• Active internet connection

If you do not have Mozilla Firefox yet, you can download it from Mozilla Firefox

Steps

1. Launch Firefox and navigate to http://seleniumhq.org/download/. Under the Selenium IDE section, click on the link that shows the current version number.


2. For security, a Firefox notification will pop up. Click on “Allow.”


3. Wait until Firefox completes the download and then click “Install Now.”


4. Wait until installation is completed. In the pop-up window, click “Restart Now.” 


5. After Firefox has restarted, launch Selenium IDE using either of two ways:
   
   
   
   • By pressingCtrl+Alt+S
   
   
   • By clicking on theFirefox Tools menu > Web Developer> Selenium IDE
   
   
   
   


6. Selenium IDE should launch as shown 

 

Features of Selenium IDE:

Menu Bar

It is located at the topmost portion of the IDE. The most commonly used menus are the File, Edit, and Options menus.

File menu: It contains options to create, open, save, and close tests.

Tests are saved in HTML format.

The most useful option is “Export” because it allows you to turn your Selenium IDE test cases into file formats that can run on Selenium Remote Control and WebDriver

“Export Test Case As…” will export only the currently opened test case.

“Export Test Suite As…” will export all the test cases in the currently opened test suite.



 

As of Selenium IDE v1.9.1, test cases can be exported only to the following formats:

• .cs (C# source code)


• .java (Java source code)


• .py (Python source code)


• .rb (Ruby source code)

 

Edit Menu

It contains usual options like Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, and Select All.

The two most important options are the “Insert New Command” and “Insert New Comment”.

 

The newly inserted command or comment will be placed on top of the currently selected line.

 

• Commands are colored black.


• Comments are colored purple.

Options menu

It provides the interface for configuring various settings of Selenium IDE.

We shall concentrate on the Options and Clipboard Format options.

 

For example, when you choose Java/JUnit 4/WebDriver as your clipboard format, every Selenese command you copy from Selenium IDE’s editor will be pasted as Java code. See the illustration below.

Options dialog box

You can launch the Selenium IDE Options dialog box by clicking Options > Options… on the menu bar. Though there are many settings available, we will concentrate on the few important ones.



Default Timeout Value:

This refers to the time that Selenium has to wait for a certain element to appear or become accessible before it generates an error.  Default timeout value is 30000ms.

Selenium IDE extensions:

This is where you specify the extensions you want to use to extend Selenium IDE’s capabilities. You can visit http://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/and use “Selenium” as keyword to search for specific extensions.

Remember base URL:

Keep this checked if you want Selenium IDE to remember the Base URL every time you launch it. If you uncheck this, Selenium IDE will always launch with a blank value for the Base URL.

Auto start record

If you check this, Selenium IDE will immediately record your browser actions  upon startup.

 Locator builders:

This is where you specify the order by which locators are generated while recording. Locators are ways to tell Selenium IDE which UI element a Selenese command should act upon. In the setup below, when you click on an element with an ID attribute, that element’s ID will be used as the locator since “id” is the first one in the list. If that element does not have an ID attribute, Selenium will next look for the “name” attribute since it is second in the list. The list goes on and on until an appropriate one is found.

Base URL Bar

It has a dropdown menu that remembers all previous values for easy access.

The Selenese command “open” will take you to the URL that you specified in the Base URL.

In this tutorial series, we will be using http://newtours.demoaut.com as our Base URL. It is the site for Mercury Tours, a web application maintained by HP for web testing purposes. We shall be using this application because it contains a complete set of elements that we need for the succeeding topics.

The Base URL is very useful in accessing relative URLs. Suppose that your Base URL is set to http://newtours.demoaut.com. When you execute the command “open” with the target value “signup”, Selenium IDE will direct the browser to http://newtours.demoaut.com/signup. See the illustration below.



 

Toolbar

 



 

Editor

You can think of the editor as the place where all the action happens. It is available in two views: Table and Source.



 

Log Pane

The Log Pane displays runtime messages during execution. It provides real-time updates as to what Selenium IDE is doing.

 Logs are categorized into four types:

• Debug – By default, Debug messages are not displayed in the log panel. They show up only when you filter them. They provide technical information about what Selenium IDE is doing behind the scenes. It may display messages such as a specific module has done loading, a certain function is called, or an external JavaScript file was loaded as an extension.


• Info – It says which command Selenium IDE is currently executing.


• Warn – These are warning messages that are encountered in special situations.


• Error – These are error messages generated when Selenium IDE fails to execute a command, or if a condition specified by “verify” or “assert” command is not met.

Logs can be filtered by type. For example, if you choose to select the “Error” option from the dropdown list, the Log Pane will show error messages only.



 

Reference Pane

The Reference Pane shows a concise description of the currently selected Selenese command in the Editor. It also shows the description about the locator and value to be used on that command.



 

UI-Element Pane

The UI-Element is for advanced Selenium users. It uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) to define element mappings. The documentation and resources are found in the “UI Element Documentation” option under the Help menu of Selenium IDE.



An example of a UI-element screen is shown below.

Rollup Pane

Rollup allows you to execute a group of commands in one step. A group of commands is simply called as a “rollup.” It employs heavy use of JavaScript and UI-Element concepts to formulate a collection of commands that is similar to a “function” in programming languages.

Rollups are reusable; meaning, they can be used multiple times within the test case. Since rollups are groups of commands condensed into one, they contribute a lot in shortening your test script.



An example of how the contents of the rollup tab look like is shown below.



 

Summary

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the simplest tool in the Selenium Suite.

It must only be used as a prototyping tool.

Knowledge of JavaScript and HTML is required for intermediate topics such as executing the “runScript” and “rollup” commands. A rollup is a collection of commands that you can reuse to shorten your test scripts significantly. Locators are identifiers that tell Selenium IDE how to access an element.

Firebug (or any similar add-on) is used to obtain locator values.

The menu bar is used in creating, modifying, and exporting test cases into formats useable by Selenium RC and WebDriver.

The default format for Selenese commands is HTML.

The “Options” menu provides access to various configurations for Selenium IDE.

The Base URL is useful in accessing relative URLs.

The Test Case Pane shows the list of currently opened test cases and a concise summary of test runs.

The Editor provides the interface for your test scripts.

The Table View shows your script in tabular format with “Command”, “Target”, and “Value” as the columns.

The Source View shows your script in HTML format.

The Log and Reference tabs give feedback and other useful information when executing tests.

The UI-Element and Rollup tabs are for advanced Selenium IDE users only. They both require considerable effort in coding JavaScript.

UI-Element allows you to conveniently map UI elements using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON).

 

Important Things to Note When Using Other Formats in Source View

Selenium IDE works well only with HTML – other formats are still in experimental mode. It is NOT advisable to create or edit tests using other formats in Source View because there is still a lot of work needed to make it stable. Below are the known bugs as of version 1.9.1.

You will not be able to perform playback nor switch back to Table View unless you revert to HTML.

The only way to add commands safely on the source code is by recording them.

When you modify the source code manually, all of it will be lost when you switch to another format.

Though you can save your test case while in Source View, Selenium IDE will not be able to open it.

The recommended way to convert Selenese tests is to use the “Export Test Case As…” option under the File menu, and not through the Source View.

Summary

• Test scripts can be created either by recording or typing the commands and parameters manually.


• When creating scripts manually, Firebug is used to get the locator.


• The Find button is used to check that the command is able to access the correct element.


• Table View displays a test script in tabular form while Source View displays it in HTML format.


• Changing the Source View to a non-HTML format is still experimental.


• Do not use the Source View in creating tests in other formats. Use the Export features instead.


• Parameters are not required all the time. It depends upon the command.


• There are three types of commands:
  
  
  
  • Actions – directly interacts with page elements
  
  
  • Accessors – “reads” an element property and stores it in a variable
  
  
  • Assertions – compares an actual value with an expected one
  
  
  
  

• Assertions have three types:
  
  
  
  • Assert – upon failure, succeeding steps are no longer executed
  
  
  • Verify – upon failure, succeeding steps are still executed.
  
  
  • WaitFor – passes if the specified condition becomes true within the timeout period; otherwise, it will fail
  
  
  
  

• The most common commands are:
  
  
  
  • open
  
  
  • Click/clickAndWait
  
  
  • type/typeKeys
  
  
  • verifyTitle/assertTitle
  
  
  • verifyTextPresent
  
  
  • verifyElementPresent
  
  
  • verifyTable
  
  
  • waitForPageToLoad
  
  
  • waitForElementPresent
  
  
  
  

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